Published literature, mechanisms, and protocols, organized by compound. Educational reference, not medical advice.
A structural and regulatory comparison of kisspeptin-10, a linear RF-amide decapeptide derived from the KISS1 gene product, and oxytocin acetate, the acetate salt of a cyclic disulfide-bridged nonapeptide first synthesized by du Vigneaud in 1953. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of Selank and N-Acetyl Selank Amidate, two forms of the same tuftsin-derived heptapeptide that differ only in their N-terminal and C-terminal chemistry. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of Semax, the ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro heptapeptide registered as a drug in Russia, and N-Acetyl Semax Amidate, the same sequence with an acetylated N-terminus and an amidated C-terminus. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of NAD+, a dinucleotide coenzyme, and glutathione, a gamma-linked tripeptide. Neither is a peptide in the usual sense, and the article explains why. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of MOTS-c, a 16-residue peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA, and SS-31 (elamipretide), a synthetic cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller series. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) and pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg), two short synthetic peptides from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology that share a pineal-extract lineage but differ in sequence, research record, and the questions their literature addresses. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of thymosin alpha-1 and TB-500, two peptides that share the thymosin name and the Goldstein laboratory lineage but derive from unrelated parent proteins, belong to different pharmacological classes, and hold very different regulatory records. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of PT-141 (bremelanotide) and Melanotan 2, two cyclic alpha-MSH analogues from the same University of Arizona lineage that differ by a single C-terminal group and by regulatory status. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of Long R3 IGF-1, an 83-residue engineered analog with reduced affinity for IGF-binding proteins, and native 70-residue human IGF-1, the sequence reported by Rinderknecht and Humbel in 1978 and the basis of the approved drug mecasermin. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of hexarelin (examorelin) and GHRP-2 (pralmorelin), two synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogues from the same Bowers lineage that differ at a single amino-acid position and in their regulatory histories. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of CJC-1295 with DAC and CJC-1295 without DAC (Modified GRF 1-29), two GHRH(1-29) analogs that share the same four amino-acid substitutions but differ by a single albumin-binding group. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of GHRP-6, the prototype growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide, and ipamorelin, the pentapeptide reported as the first selective GHS-R1a agonist. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of sermorelin, the GHRH(1-29) fragment once marketed as Geref, and ipamorelin, an unapproved pentapeptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of tesamorelin, an FDA-approved GHRH analogue, and ipamorelin, an unapproved pentapeptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a. Educational reference.
A structural comparison of KLOW blend peptides GHK-Cu, TB-500, BPC-157, and KPV, covering origin, amino-acid composition, molecular class, and the published-research and regulatory status of each. Educational reference.
A structural and pharmacological comparison of cagrilintide and semaglutide, two acylated peptides developed by Novo Nordisk, along their peptide backbones, receptor targets, molecular classification, and the type and regulatory status of their published research. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of tesamorelin and sermorelin, two synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogs that differ in sequence length, stabilization chemistry, and approval history. Educational reference.
A structural comparison of two synthetic incretin research peptides, described strictly at the level of receptor-target profile, molecular class, and regulatory status: semaglutide as a single GLP-1 receptor agonist and tirzepatide as a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. Educational reference.
A structural comparison of three synthetic incretin research peptides, described strictly at the level of receptor-target profile, molecular class, and regulatory status: the informal "GLP-1 / GLP-2 / GLP-3" shorthand refers to the count of engaged receptors. Educational reference.
A structural comparison of BPC-157 and TB-500, two synthetic research peptides, along their origin and derivation, amino-acid composition, molecular classification, and the type and regulatory status of their published research. Educational reference.
A structural and research-history comparison of Selank and Semax, two short regulatory peptides developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences from different endogenous parent sequences. Educational reference.
A structural and regulatory comparison of tesamorelin and CJC-1295, two growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogs with very different stabilization chemistry and research histories. Educational reference.
A structural and research-history comparison of GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, the two most-studied growth-hormone-releasing peptides from the original Bowers hexapeptide program. Educational reference.
A structural and pharmacological comparison of CJC-1295 and ipamorelin, two peptides studied in growth hormone research that act through entirely different receptor systems. Educational reference.
