Published literature, mechanisms, and protocols — organized by compound. Educational reference, not medical advice.
A research-library timeline of tirzepatide's scientific origins — from incretin discovery through a clinical development program that produced two landmark FDA approvals. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery, early characterization, and regulatory milestones of Thymosin Alpha-1 — from Allan Goldstein's thymus research through Zadaxin's international approvals and active regulatory engagement. Educational reference.
A chronological account of tesamorelin's development — from the isolation of endogenous GHRH in 1982 through Theratechnologies' clinical program, FDA approval of Egrifta in 2010, and continued research through 2025. Educational reference.
A timeline of the discovery of thymosin beta-4, the characterization of its LKKTETQ active fragment, the emergence of the synthetic TB-500 research compound, and its regulatory and anti-doping milestones. Educational reference.
A research-library timeline of SS-31 (elamipretide) — from its serendipitous discovery at Cornell through Stealth BioTherapeutics' clinical development and FDA accelerated approval. Educational reference.
A research-library account of Semax's discovery in Soviet-era academic research, its development by the Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian regulatory milestones, and current research landscape. Educational reference.
A chronological account of the scientific discoveries, structural engineering milestones, and regulatory events that led from the identification of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the 1980s to the development and regulatory authorization of semaglutide across multiple indications.
An educational reference tracing the discovery, preclinical development, clinical investigation, and regulatory registration of Selank, a synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow.
A research-library account of retatrutide's (LY3437943) discovery period, scientific lineage across three receptor systems, clinical development milestones, and current investigational status. Educational reference.
A research-library timeline of PT-141 (bremelanotide) — from melanocortin peptide chemistry at the University of Arizona through Palatin Technologies development and the 2019 FDA approval of Vyleesi. Educational reference.
An educational reference tracing the discovery and research history of Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg), from the origins of Soviet-era pineal peptide programs through the identification of the EDR sequence.
A chronological account of oxytocin's discovery, structural characterization, Nobel-recognized synthesis, and regulatory milestones from 1895 to the present. Educational reference.
A research-library chronicle of NAD+ discovery from the 1906 fermentation studies of Harden and Young through the modern era of sirtuin biology, biosynthetic pathway characterization, and clinical precursor research. Educational reference.
A chronological account of the research lineage behind N-Acetyl Semax Amidate — from early ACTH fragment studies of the 1970s through Russian Semax development, regulatory milestones, and structural modification research. Educational reference.
A historical account of the tuftsin research lineage that produced Selank and its N-acetylated, C-terminal amidated variant, from immunopeptide discovery to Russian regulatory milestones. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery period, early preclinical characterization, and regulatory and scientific history of Melanotan-2 (MT-II). Educational reference.
MOTS-c was identified in 2015 through systematic interrogation of mitochondrial open reading frames at the University of Southern California. This article traces the peptide's discovery, the scientific lineage that enabled it, and its subsequent research and regulatory context. Educational reference.
A research-library account of mazdutide's scientific lineage, from foundational incretin and oxyntomodulin research through clinical development milestones and China NMPA regulatory approvals. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery and scientific development of KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), tracing its origins in α-MSH biology through the foundational Lipton-Catania program and subsequent pharmacological characterization. Educational reference.
A historical overview of the discovery of the KISS1 gene, identification of kisspeptins as GPR54 ligands, and the evolution of KP-10 research from cancer biology to reproductive neuroendocrinology. Educational reference.
A historical account of ipamorelin's discovery at Novo Nordisk, its scientific lineage within the GHRP research tradition, preclinical expansion, and regulatory milestones. Educational reference.
A historical overview of the insulin-like growth factor system's discovery, the development of IGF-1 LR3, key research milestones, and the regulatory landscape for IGF-1-related compounds. Educational reference.
A chronological account of hexarelin's discovery, early pharmacological characterization, receptor science milestones, and regulatory development history from the 1990s to the present. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery and scientific development of glutathione (GSH), from 19th-century thiol chemistry to modern redox biology. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery, scientific lineage, and regulatory history of GHRP-6, from enkephalin analogues in the late 1970s to the ghrelin system. Educational reference.
A timeline of GHRP-2's origins in enkephalin analog chemistry, receptor discovery, ghrelin science, and regulatory approval in Japan as a GH deficiency diagnostic agent. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery of GHK-Cu, early copper-peptide research by Loren Pickart, and the regulatory and scientific landscape to date. Educational reference.
A documented account of the discovery of Epithalamin, the isolation of the AEDG tetrapeptide sequence, and the regulatory history of Epithalon (Epitalon) in the research literature. Educational reference.
A research-library account of the discovery and scientific development of CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) — from GHRH isolation in 1982 to current regulatory landscape. Educational reference.
A research-library timeline of CJC-1295 with DAC — from the isolation of GHRH in 1982 through the development of DAC albumin-conjugation technology and the compound's regulatory context as of 2024. Educational reference.
A chronological account of amylin pharmacology, cagrilintide's medicinal chemistry development, and its clinical and regulatory milestones through 2025. Educational reference.
A research-library account of BPC-157's discovery in the early 1990s, its early research trajectory, and its regulatory and scientific history through the present. Educational reference.
An educational reference tracing the discovery, pharmaceutical development, clinical trial history, and regulatory milestones of AOD9604 from its origins at Monash University through its FDA GRAS determination.
